Colonial Latin America: Social Networks, Identity, and Consensus
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This is a 6 page paper discussing colonial Latin America in relations to the patron-client relationship and social classes. While colonial Latin America was segregated into a hierarchy of social and class systems with the Spanish elite at the top, the maintenance of the system was possible by the textured social networks within communities which existed before the introduction of the Spaniards but nevertheless added the elite Spaniards as the ruling class. The Spaniards did their best to degrade the culture of the Native Indians by introducing Spanish customs and religion and separating the communities into barrios however although the Indians observed these new customs in a public sense, their private identity still contained traditional cultural, familial and social elements. Largely the Spanish elite ruled with stability based on the belief in the class system which expected them to manage the communities with justice. When that expectation failed however, consensus among the lower classes was obtained and riots ensued which led the way to eventual independence. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: TJLatam1.rtf

Counseling Latino Clients in Regards to Cultural Considerations
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This is a 12 page paper discussing issues in regards to counseling Latino clients. Therapists who are counseling Latino men and women must take into account various cultural and ethnic values traditional in Latino families including adherence to machismo, marianismo, persondisimo, simpatia, respeto and familism; all of which define the gender, family and community relations and rely on protection, support, respect and honor. However, in regards to Latinos in the United States, differences between individuals also rely on acculturation levels. In the case of counseling Latina women who have been raped or sexually abused, therapists must take into account not only traditional values of Latinos, but also acculturation levels, concepts of identity, biculturalism, stages of identity development, attitudes on present day sexual influences, health care formality, the current state of family influences and the shifting gender roles among other issues. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: TJLatwm1.rtf

Culture and Freedom
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A 4 page paper evaluating today’s consequences of past actions. Discussions of the destruction of one culture by another, stronger power have included issues of American slavery, the Spanish conquest of Latin America and destruction of Muslim and Jewish civilizations in the name of Christianity. The picture of destruction in all of these examples is valid. Without our past as it was, however, our present likely would have been very much different than what we have today. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KSsocCultFree.rtf

Dark History In Latin America
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In 7 pages, the writer discusses the atrocities that have taken place in 2 Latin American countries [El Salvador & Argentina], and the impact of the Cold War on them. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Darkhi.wps

Democratization: Brazil and Chile
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A 6 page paper which discusses the process of democratization in Brazil and Chile. The topic illustrates how democratic governments earlier in the previous century have affected democratization during the 1980's and the 1990's. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: RAbrzlchl.wps

Dollarization In Ecuador
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This 14 page paper has three parts. The first is an overview and explanation of what dollarization is, including the three main categories of dollarization. The second part is an overview and explanation of what happened in Ecuador, politically and economically, that led to the adoption of official and full dollarization. The last part discusses the effects of dollarization on the economy. Inflation, interest rates, and GDP are discussed. Statistical data are included. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PGecuad.rtf

Dona Marina: Heroine, Traitor, or Representative of Culture
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A 5 page paper which discusses the woman who was known as Dona Marina. Dona Marina was Cortez' lover and interpreter. According to many she was either a heroine or a traitor, while others feel she was merely a reflection of her culture in her actions and attitudes. The paper utilizes "Conquest of New Spain" by Bernal Diaz and "Expanding Ethnicity in Sixteenth-Century Anahuac: Ideologies of Ethnicity and Gender in the Nation-Building Process" by Thomas Ward in further examination of her involvement as it pertained to her position as a slave and a Christian, which were forces that greatly influenced how she was seen in regards to her position as heroine or representative of her culture. No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAdonamrna.wps

Drug Use and Treatment of Hispanic Immigrants
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A 19 page paper discussing the influence of culture on addiction treatment. Much of the research into drug use among Hispanics of the past has identified Hispanics only by cultural identification, without giving a clear picture of those cultural matters that can influence whether a Mexican American chooses to seek help in breaking an addiction. There are several aspects of the Mexican American culture that prevent Mexican Americans from moving along the same path of addiction resolution that individuals of other ethnic groups navigate in similar journeys. This paper discusses some of these points, including acculturization and the tradition of relying on family groups in times of crisis. Counselors need to realize that Hispanics who enter treatment likely already have used these social structures without success. Includes an abstract and an outline. Bibliography lists 19 sources.
Filename: KSpsychImmi.rtf

Eurocentricism As An Obstacle To Learning True Latin-American History
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A 4 page look at issues concerning the Pre-Columbian Americas. The writer stresses that fact that civilizations covered the continent long before the arrival of the Europeans and never considered themselves to be "of the Americas." The journey of Columbus was only a "landmark" event from a Eurocentric perspective. Of particular importance in this essay is that we cannot possibly attempt to understand the diversified culture of Pre-Colombians, Native Indians, and so forth-- because most records were destroyed by the arriving Europeans--who re-wrote history from their own perspective. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Precolum.wps